Investigating preoperative myoglobin level as predictive factor for acute kidney injury following cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass: a retrospective observational study

Abstract Background: Early identification of patients at risk of AKI after cardiac surgery is of critical importance for optimizing perioperative management and improving outcomes. This study aimed to identify the association between preoperative myoglobin levels and postoperative acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients undergoing valve surgery or coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) with cardiopulmonary bypass. Methods: This retrospective study included 293 patients aged over 17 years who underwent valve surgery or CABG with cardiopulmonary bypass. We excluded 87 patients as they met the exclusion criteria. Therefore, 206 patients were included in the final analysis. The patients' demographics as well as intraoperative and postoperative data were collected from electronic medical records. AKI was defined according to the Acute Kidney Injury Network classification system. Results: Of the 206 patients included in this study, 77 developed AKI. The patients who developed AKI were older, had a history of hypertension, underwent valve surgery with concomitant CABG, had lower preoperative hemoglobin levels, and experienced prolonged extracorporeal circulation (ECC) times. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that preoperative myoglobin levels and ECC time were correlated with the development of AKI. A higher preoperative myoglobin level was an independent risk factor for the development of cardiac surgery-associated AKI. Conclusions: Higher preoperative myoglobin levels may enable physicians to identify patients at risk of developing AKI and optimize management accordingly.

Síndrome cardiorrenal: diagnóstico y tratamiento / Cardiorenal syndrome: diagnosis and treatment

Introducción: Las enfermedades cardíacas y renales coexisten con frecuencia. El síndrome cardiorrenal es una entidad compleja; en ella, la disfunción primaria cardíaca produce daño renal (tipos 1 y 2) y viceversa (tipos 3 y 4) o efecto de una enfermedad sistémica que afecta a ambos órganos (tipo 5). Objetivo: Actualizar el diagnóstico y tratamiento de los pacientes con síndrome cardiorrenal. Métodos: Se utilizan métodos teóricos y empíricos para realizar análisis del conocimiento actualizado sobre el tema. Se ha definido la existencia de un síndrome cardiorrenal que compromete a ambos órganos, con interacción bidireccional. En su detección, el diagnóstico clínico es insuficiente y requiere marcadores bioquímicos; estas herramientas, junto con la medición del sodio urinario, permite vigilar la efectividad terapéutica. Otro recurso es la ultrafiltración, según complicaciones. Conclusiones: Se debe indicar tratamiento con base en la evidencia para mejorar la calidad de vida, reducir la mortalidad y retrasar el deterioro de la función renal y cardíaca a largo plazo; el trasplante renal se debe considerar en pacientes en diálisis con disfunción ventricular severa. Idealmente, deberían recibir un trasplante combinado: cardíaco y renal, lo cual es difícil; algunos pacientes sometidos exclusivamente a trasplante renal presentan una mejoría notable en su fracción de eyección y en la sobrevida.

Introduction: heart and kidney diseases frequently coexist. Cardiorenal syndrome is a complex entity in which primary cardiac dysfunction causes a kidney damage (types 1 and 2) and vice versa (types 3 and 4) or an effect of a systemic disease that affects both organs (type 5). Objective: to update the diagnosis and treatment of patients with cardiorenal syndrome. Methods: theoretical and empirical methods are used to carry out the analysis of updated knowledge on the subject. The existence of a cardiorenal syndrome that compromises both organs has been defined with bidirectional interaction. In its detection, clinical diagnosis is insufficient and requires biochemical markers; these tools, together with the measurement of urinary sodium, allow us to monitor therapeutic effectiveness. Another resource is ultrafiltration, according to complications. Conclusions: evidence-based treatment should be indicated to improve quality of life, reduce mortality, and delay the deterioration of renal and cardiac function in the long term; kidney transplantation should be considered in dialysis patients with severe ventricular dysfunction. Ideally, they should receive a combined transplant: heart and kidney, which is difficult; some patients undergoing exclusively a renal transplantation show a notable improvement in their ejection fraction and survival.

Metformin Inhibits ROS/TNF-alpha Axis-Mediated Chronic Kidney Disease Induced by TAA Independent of Leukocyte Infiltration in Association with the Inhibition of Kidney Injury Biomarkers / La Metformina Inhibe la Enfermedad Renal Crónica Mediada por el Eje ROS/TNF-alfa Inducida por TAA Independientemente de la Infiltración de Leucocitos en Asociación con la Inhibición de Biomarcadores de Lesión Renal

SUMMARY: The toxic effects of thioacetamide (TAA) and carbon tetrachloride on the human body are well recognized. In this study, we examined whether TAA intoxication can induce kidney leukocyte infiltration (measured as leukocyte common antigen CD45) associated with the augmentation of the reactive oxygen species (ROS)/tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) axis, as well as biomarkers of kidney injury with and without metformin treatment. Rats were either injected with TAA (200 mg/kg; twice a week for 8 weeks) before being sacrificed after 10 weeks (experimental group) or were pre-treated with metformin (200 mg/kg) daily for two weeks prior to TAA injections and continued receiving both agents until the end of the experiment, at week 10 (protective group). Using basic histology staining, immunohistochemistry methods, and blood chemistry analysis, we observed profound kidney tissue injury such as glomerular and tubular damage in the experimental group, which were substantially ameliorated by metformin. Metformin also significantly (p0.05) increase in kidney expression of CD45 positive immunostaining cells. In conclusion, we found that TAA induces kidney injury in association with the augmentation of ROS/TNF-α axis, independent of leukocyte infiltration, which is protected by metformin.

Son bien conocidosos los efectos tóxicos de la tioacetamida (TAA) y el tetracloruro de carbono en el cuerpo humano. En este estudio, examinamos si la intoxicación por TAA puede inducir la infiltración de leucocitos renales (medida como antígeno leucocitario común CD45) asociada con el aumento de las especies reactivas de oxígeno (ROS)/factor de necrosis tumoral-alfa (TNF-α), así como biomarcadores de daño renal con y sin tratamiento con metformina. A las ratas se les inyectó TAA (200 mg/kg; dos veces por semana durante 8 semanas) antes de sacrificarlas a las 10 semanas (grupo experimental) o se les pretrató con metformina (200 mg/kg) diariamente durante dos semanas antes de las inyecciones de TAA y continuaron recibiendo ambos agentes hasta el final del experimento, en la semana 10 (grupo protector). Usando tinción histológica básica, métodos de inmunohistoquímica y análisis químico de la sangre, observamos una lesión profunda del tejido renal, como daño glomerular y tubular en el grupo experimental, que mejoraron sustancialmente con la metformina. La metformina también inhibió significativamente (p0,05) en la expresión renal de células de inmunotinción positivas para CD45. En conclusión, encontramos que el TAA induce la lesión renal en asociación con el aumento del eje ROS/TNF-α, independientemente de la infiltración de leucocitos, que está protegida por metformina.

Consulta monográfica de Onconefrología, primeras experiencias en Villa Clara, Cuba / Monographic consultation of Onconephrology: first experiences in Villa Clara, Cuba

Introducción: Las consultas monográficas de Onconefrología surgen como respuesta a las demandas asistenciales de pacientes con daño renal y cáncer. Objetivo: Establecer los motivos de remisión a la consulta de Onconefrología y caracterizar los pacientes atendidos en ella. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación descriptiva, transversal en el Hospital Universitario «Dr. Celestino Hernández Robau» de Villa Clara, Cuba, en el período comprendido de agosto 2020 - agosto 2021; se incluyeron los 53 pacientes atendidos en la consulta. Resultados: El 73,6% de los pacientes fue masculino, de piel blanca el 75,5%, la edad media fue de 68,38 años, con hipertensión arterial el 69,8%, con enfermedades cardiovasculares el 22,6%. Prevaleció el adenocarcinoma de próstata en el 24,5%, el 54,7% manifestó algún grado de enfermedad renal crónica y el 35,8% tuvo una causa obstructiva. El filtrado glomerular fue superior a mayor edad según la fórmula: Modificación de la Dieta en la Enfermedad Renal, independientemente del sexo. Conclusiones: Se realizó la caracterización de los pacientes; los criterios de remisión fueron establecidos, los más frecuentes fueron las alteraciones del medio interno o el sedimento urinario, hipertensión arterial no controlada, necesidad de tratamiento depurador renal extracorpóreo o cuidados paliativos.

Introduction: monographic consultations of Onconephrology arise as a response to the care demands of patients with kidney damage and cancer. Objective: to establish the reasons for referral to the Onconephrology consultation and to characterize the patients treated there. Methods: a descriptive, cross-sectional research was carried out at "Dr. Celestino Hernández Robau" University Hospital in Villa Clara, Cuba from August 2020 to August 2021; 53 patients seen in this consultation were included. Results: 73.6% of the patients were male, 75.5% white-skinned, mean age was 68.38 years, 69.8% with arterial hypertension, 22.6% with cardiovascular diseases. Prostate adenocarcinoma prevailed in 24.5%, 54.7% had some degree of chronic kidney disease and 35.8% had an obstructive cause. Glomerular filtration rate was higher with increasing age according to the formula: Modification of Diet in Renal Disease, and regardless of gender. Conclusions: patients' characterization was made; the remission criteria were established, in which the most common ones were alterations of the internal environment or urinary sediment, uncontrolled arterial hypertension, need for extracorporeal renal purifying treatment or palliative care.

Gravidade e tempo de hospitalização de pacientes não críticos com lesão renal aguda / Gravedad y tiempo de hospitalización de pacientes no críticos con lesión renal aguda / Severity and lenght of hospitalization of non-critical patients with acute kidney injury

Objetivo: avaliar gravidade e tempo de hospitalização de pacientes não críticos com lesão renal aguda. Métodos: estudo observacional prospectivo com 137 pacientes realizado por meio de questionário estruturado para coleta de dados. Os testes qui-quadrado, exato de Fisher e Mann-Whitney foram empregados para análise estatística e considerou-se significativo resultado com p≤0,05. Aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa. Resultados: oxigenoterapia por macronebulização resultou em maior mortalidade durante internação (p=0,001) e após alta hospitalar (p=0,02), assim como níveis elevados de sódio (p=0,0001 vs.p=0,005) e a ocorrência de lesão ou falência renal (p=0,02 vs.p=0,02). Necessidade de suporte ventilatório aumentou em 3,02 vezes o tempo de hospitalização(p=0,02). Conclusão: A lesão renal aguda foi frequente em mais da metade dos pacientes, sendo KDIGO 2 e 3 níveis de gravidade que se associaram com mortalidade intra-hospitalar e pós-alta. Paciente de maior gravidade (KDIGO 3) permaneceu maior tempo hospitalizado. A macronebulização em pacientes com traqueostomia triplicou o tempo de internação.

Objective: To assess severity and length of hospitalization of non-critical patients with acute kidney injury (AKI). Methods: Prospective observational study conducted with 137 patients, with data collected by a structured questionnaire. Statistical analysis was performed using chi-square, Fisher's exact and Mann-Whitney tests, with significance set as p≤0.05. The research was approved by the Research Ethics Committee. Results: Oxygen therapy by macro-nebulization resulted in higher mortality during hospitalization (p=0.001) and after discharge (p=0.02), as well as high levels of sodium (p=0.0001 vs. p=0.005) and the occurrence of kidney injury or failure (p=0.02 vs. p=0.02). Need for ventilatory support increased by 3.02 times the length of hospitalization (p=0.02). Conclusion: Acute kidney injury was frequent in more than half of the patients, with KDIGO 2 and 3 levels of severity that were associated with inpatient and post-discharge mortality. Most severe patients (KDIGO 3) remained hospitalized for a longer time. Macro-nebulization in patients with tracheostomy tripled the length of hospitalization

Objetivo: evaluar la gravedad y el tiempo de hospitalización de pacientes no críticos con lesión renal aguda. Métodos: estudio observacional prospectivo con 137 pacientes que utilizó un cuestionario estructurado para recopilar los datos. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizaron las pruebas Chi-cuadrado, Exacta de Fisher y Mann-Whitney, y se consideró significativo un resultado con p≤0,05. Aprobado por el Comité de Ética en Investigación. Resultados: con la oxigenoterapia con macronebulización se presentó mayor mortalidad durante la hospitalización (p=0,001) y después del alta hospitalaria (p=0,02), así como niveles elevados de sodio (p=0,0001 vs. p=0,005) y la ocurrencia de daño renal o insuficiencia renal (p=0,02 vs. p=0,02). La necesidad de soporte ventilatorio aumentó 3,02 veces el tiempo de estancia hospitalaria (p=0,02). Conclusión: La lesión renal aguda fue frecuente en más de la mitad de los pacientes, con niveles de severidad KDIGO 2 y 3 que se asociaron con mortalidad intrahospitalaria y postegreso. El paciente más grave (KDIGO 3) permaneció hospitalizado por más tiempo. La macronebulización en pacientes con traqueostomía triplicó el tiempo de estancia.

Panorama da qualidade biológica da água destinada ao tratamento dialítico em pacientes sob cuidados críticos em Unidades de Terapia Intensiva / Overview of the biological quality of water intended for dialysis treatment in patients under critical care in Intensive Care Units

A incidência da lesão renal aguda caracteriza-se como evento frequente em pacientes críticos internados em Unidades de Terapia Intensiva e está associada ao aumento de mortalidade, causando grande impacto à Saúde Pública. As intercorrências clínicas são minimizadas com intervenções dialíticas, acarretando a exposição do paciente a volumes expressivos de água tratada durante a terapia renal em leito. As análises microbiológicas e de determinação de endotoxinas bacterianas em amostras de água tratada e em soluções de dialisato foram executadas em dois hospitais públicos do município de São Paulo, seguindo metodologias analíticas preconizadas em compêndios oficiais. A avaliação demonstrou que a porcentagem de resultados satisfatórios no período de 2010 a 2022 variou entre 35,2 a 100% e de 40 a 100% para as unidades hospitalares I e II para a água tratada, respectivamente; e, 100% para as soluções de dialisato para a unidade hospitalar I. A eficácia de ações delineadas pelas equipes técnicas das unidades hospitalares, na adequação da água destinada à terapia dialítica, aponta para a importância em estimular outras instituições hospitalares na padronização e implantação de melhoria contínua de seus sistemas de tratamento de água para uso em procedimento dialítico, prevenindo riscos adicionais aos pacientes expostos à terapia renal. (AU)

The incidence of acute kidney is high among critically ill patients admitted to Intensive Care Units and is associated with increased mortality, having a major impact on public health. Clinical complications are minimized with dialysis interventions, which expose patients to significant volumes of treated water during in-bed renal therapy. Microbiological analyzes and determination of bacterial endotoxins were performed on treated water samples and dialysate solutions in two public hospitals in São Paulo city, using analytical methodologies recommended in official compendia. The evaluation showed that the percentage of satisfactory results for treated water ranged from 35.2% to 100% in Hospital Unit I and from 40% to 100% in Hospital Unit II between 2010 and 2022. For dialysate solutions in Hospital Unit I, the percentage of satisfactory results was 100% during the same period. The effectiveness of actions implemented by the technical hospital teams, in adapting water for dialysis therapy, points to the importance of encouraging other hospital institutions to standardize and implement a program of continuous improvement for their water treatment systems used in dialysis procedures. This will help to prevent additional risks to patients exposed to renal therapy. (AU)

Panorama da qualidade biológica da água destinada ao tratamento dialítico em pacientes sob cuidados críticos em Unidades de Terapia Intensiva / Overview of the biological quality of water intended for dialysis treatment in patients under critical care in Intensive Care Units

A incidência da lesão renal aguda caracteriza-se como evento frequente em pacientes críticos internados em Unidades de Terapia Intensiva e está associada ao aumento de mortalidade, causando grande impacto à Saúde Pública. As intercorrências clínicas são minimizadas com intervenções dialíticas, acarretando a exposição do paciente a volumes expressivos de água tratada durante a terapia renal em leito. As análises microbiológicas e de determinação de endotoxinas bacterianas em amostras de água tratada e em soluções de dialisato foram executadas em dois hospitais públicos do município de São Paulo, seguindo metodologias analíticas preconizadas em compêndios oficiais. A avaliação demonstrou que a porcentagem de resultados satisfatórios no período de 2010 a 2022 variou entre 35,2 a 100% e de 40 a 100% para as unidades hospitalares I e II para a água tratada, respectivamente; e, 100% para as soluções de dialisato para a unidade hospitalar I. A eficácia de ações delineadas pelas equipes técnicas das unidades hospitalares, na adequação da água destinada à terapia dialítica, aponta para a importância em estimular outras instituições hospitalares na padronização e implantação de melhoria contínua de seus sistemas de tratamento de água para uso em procedimento dialítico, prevenindo riscos adicionais aos pacientes expostos à terapia renal.

The incidence of acute kidney is high among critically ill patients admitted to Intensive Care Units and is associated with increased mortality, having a major impact on public health. Clinical complications are minimized with dialysis interventions, which expose patients to significant volumes of treated water during in-bed renal therapy. Microbiological analyzes and determination of bacterial endotoxins were performed on treated water samples and dialysate solutions in two public hospitals in São Paulo city, using analytical methodologies recommended in official compendia. The evaluation showed that the percentage of satisfactory results for treated water ranged from 35.2% to 100% in Hospital Unit I and from 40% to 100% in Hospital Unit II between 2010 and 2022. For dialysate solutions in Hospital Unit I, the percentage of satisfactory results was 100% during the same period. The effectiveness of actions implemented by the technical hospital teams, in adapting water for dialysis therapy, points to the importance of encouraging other hospital institutions to standardize and implement a program of continuous improvement for their water treatment systems used in dialysis procedures. This will help to prevent additional risks to patients exposed to renal therapy.

Importance of assessing biomarkers and physiological parameters of anemia-induced tissue hypoxia in the perioperative period

Abstract Anemia is associated with increased risk of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), stroke and mortality in perioperative patients. We sought to understand the mechanism(s) by assessing the integrative physiological responses to anemia (kidney, brain), the degrees of anemia-induced tissue hypoxia, and associated biomarkers and physiological parameters. Experimental measurements demonstrate a linear relationship between blood Oxygen Content (CaO2) and renal microvascular PO2 (y = 0.30x + 6.9, r2= 0.75), demonstrating that renal hypoxia is proportional to the degree of anemia. This defines the kidney as a potential oxygen sensor during anemia. Further evidence of renal oxygen sensing is demonstrated by proportional increase in serum Erythropoietin (EPO) during anemia (y = 93.806*10−0.02, r2= 0.82). This data implicates systemic EPO levels as a biomarker of anemia-induced renal tissue hypoxia. By contrast, cerebral Oxygen Delivery (DO2) is defended by a profound proportional increase in Cerebral Blood Flow (CBF), minimizing tissue hypoxia in the brain, until more severe levels of anemia occur. We hypothesize that the kidney experiences profound early anemia-induced tissue hypoxia which contributes to adaptive mechanisms to preserve cerebral perfusion. At severe levels of anemia, renal hypoxia intensifies, and cerebral hypoxia occurs, possibly contributing to the mechanism(s) of AKI and stroke when adaptive mechanisms to preserve organ perfusion are overwhelmed. Clinical methods to detect renal tissue hypoxia (an early warning signal) and cerebral hypoxia (a later consequence of severe anemia) may inform clinical practice and support the assessment of clinical biomarkers (i.e., EPO) and physiological parameters (i.e., urinary PO2) of anemia-induced tissue hypoxia. This information may direct targeted treatment strategies to prevent adverse outcomes associated with anemia.

Investigation of the protective effect of boric acid against hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic injury induced by acrylamide in rats / Investigación del efecto protector del ácido bórico contra lesiones hepatotóxicas y nefrotóxicas inducidas por acrilamida en ratas

SUMMARY: To investigate if the administration of boric acid (BA) would exert any protective effect against possible nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity induced by the exposure to acrylamide (ACR) in rats. In our study, we used a total of 28 rats that were divided into four equal groups. Group 1: the control group which was not treated with any procedure. Group 2: the ACR group that was administered ACR 50 mg/kg/day via intraperitoneal (i.p) route for 14 days. Group 3: the BA group that was administered BA 200 mg/kg/ day via gavage via peroral (p.o) route for 14 days. Group 4: the ACR+BA group that was administered BA simultaneously with ACR. Total antioxidant and oxidant (TAS/TOS) capacities were measured in all groups at the end of the experiment. In addition, the specimens obtained were evaluated with histopathological examination. Studies showed that the ACR and ACr+BA groups were not significantly different in terms of hepatic TAS level while the TOS level was higher in the ACR group than the ACR+BA group. The groups did not show any significant difference regarding renal TAS and TOS levels. In the histopathological examination of the hepatic tissue, the histopathological injury score of the ACR group was significantly higher than those of the other groups whereas it was significantly lower in the ACR+BA group than the ACR group. Our study concluded that Boric acid had a protective effect against acrylamide- induced hepatotoxicity, but not against nephrotoxicity.

El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar si la administración de ácido bórico (BA) ejercería algún efecto protector frente a la posible nefrotoxicidad y hepatotoxicidad inducida por la exposición a acrilamida (ACR) en ratas. En nuestro estudio, utilizamos un total de 28 ratas que se dividieron en cuatro grupos iguales. Grupo 1: grupo control que no fue tratado. Grupo 2: grupo ACR al que se le administró ACR 50 mg/kg/día por vía intraperitoneal (i.p) durante 14 días. Grupo 3: grupo BA al que se le administró BA 200 mg/kg/día por sonda por vía peroral (p.o) durante 14 días. Grupo 4: grupo ACR+BA al que se administró BA simultáneamente con ACR. Las capacidades antioxidantes y oxidantes totales (TAS/TOS) se midieron en todos los grupos al final del experimento. Además, los especímenes obtenidos fueron evaluados con examen histopatológico. Los estudios demostraron que los grupos ACR y ACr+BA no fueron significativamente diferentes en términos del nivel hepático de TAS, mientras que el nivel de TOS fue mayor en el grupo ACR que en el grupo ACR+BA. Los grupos no mostraron ninguna diferencia significativa con respecto a los niveles renales de TAS y TOS. En el examen histopatológico del tejido hepático, la puntuación de lesión histopatológica del grupo ACR fue significativamente mayor que la de los otros grupos, mientras que fue significativamente menor en el grupo ACR+BA que en el grupo ACR. Nuestro estudio concluyó que el ácido bórico tiene un efecto protector contra la hepatotoxicidad inducida por acrilamida, pero no contra la nefrotoxicidad.

Evaluación de la función renal en el recién nacido prematuro / Evaluation of kidney function in the premature newborn

Antecedentes: La Lesión Renal Aguda (LRA) es una de las lesiones más comunes asociadas al proceso inflamatorio sistémico en el prematuro, se encuentra relacionada a disfunción de otros órganos y se considera como marcador predictor de morbilidad y mortalidad. Objetivo general: Describir métodos clínicos y biomarcadores de evaluación de la función renal del recién nacido prematuro expuesto a condiciones de gravedad como ventilación mecánica, nefrotoxicidad y alteraciones metabólicas, el análisis de estos factores nos permi-tirá detectar tempranamente LRQy presevar la nefrogénesis. Metodología: Es una investigación teórico-descriptiva de tipo documental, que implica la búsque-da, análisis y selección de documen-tos electrónicos en base de datos publicados en Pubmed, Scielo, Cochrane, artículos de revisiones sistemáticas y bibliográficas completas, metaanálisis, consensos y guías de práctica clínica en idioma español e inglés. Resultados esperados: El médico involucrado en la atención del recién nacido prematuro tenga el conocimiento sobre la importancia de la evaluación y preservación de la función renal para la toma de decisiones eficaces, optimas en el manejo integral, en pacientes con patología compleja en etapas tem-pranas de la vida.

Background: Acute kidney injury is one of the most common injuries associated with the systemic inflammatory process in premature infants; it is related to the dysfunction of other organs and is considered a predictive marker of morbidity and mortality. General objective: Describe clinical methods and biomarkers for evaluating renal function in premature newborns exposed to severe conditions such as mechanical ventilation, nephrotoxicity, and metabolic alterations. Analyzing these factors will allow us to detect AKI early and preserve nephrogenesis. Methodology: This is a theoretical-descriptive study of documentary type that involves the search, analysis, and selection of electronic documents in databases published in PubMed, Scielo, and Cochrane, articles from systematic reviews, and complete biblio-graphical reviews, meta-analyses, consensus, and clinical practice guides in Spanish and English. Expected results: The doctor involved in the care of the premature newborn knows the importance of the evaluation and preservation of renal function for effective decision-making, which is optimal in the integral management of patients with complex pathology in the early stages of life.

Glomerulopatía colapsante en un paciente con Covid-19. Reporte de caso / Collapsing glomerulonephritis in a COVID-19 patient. Case report

La injuria renal aguda por glomerulopatía colapsante, presenta alta morbimortalidad, incluso con requerimiento de diálisis crónica; la Covid-19 es una de sus causas. Se presenta el caso de un paciente con Covid-19 y glomerulopatía colapsante. Varón de 17 años, sin antecedentes patológicos; con historia de cuatro meses de edema, orina espumosa y disminución del flujo urinario. Al examen: anasarca. Exámenes: creatinina 4,2 mg/dl, albumina 1,9 gr/dl, colesterol y triglicéridos aumentados; orina: proteinuria 6,7 gr/24h, leucocituria y hematuria con urocultivo negativo. Serología para VIH, sífilis y hepatitis negativos. Inmunología para lupus negativa, prueba rápida para la Covid-19 IgG (+). La biopsia renal mostró Glomeruloesclerosis Focal y Segmentaria, variante Colapsante. Recibió corticoides y ciclosporina. La creatinina mejoró, la proteinuria se mantiene >3 gr/24horas.

SUMMARY Acute renal injury due to collapsing glomerulonephritis is associated with high morbidity and mortality, requiring chronic dialysis, COVID-19 is one of its causes. A 17-year-old male patient presented with a four-month history of edema, foamy urine and reduction in the urine flow; anasarca was observed at physical examination. Laboratory values showed creatinine 4,2 mg/dl; albumin 1,9 gr/dl; cholesterol and triglycerides were high; proteinuria 6,7 gr/24h: leucocyturia and hematuria with negative urine culture. Serologies for HIV, syphilis and hepatitis were negative. Studies for systemic lupus were negative. An antigenic test for SARS-CoV-2 was positive as well as an IgG. Renal Biopsy showed Focal and Segmental Glomerulosclerosis, Collapsing variant. He received corticosteroids and cyclosporine. Creatinine improved; proteinuria remained >3 gr/24 hours.

Minimal fresh gas flow sevoflurane anesthesia and postoperative acute kidney injury in on-pump cardiac surgery: a randomized comparative trial

Abstract Background Compound A is generated by sevoflurane when it reacts with carbon dioxide absorbers with strong bases at minimal fresh gas flow (FGF) and is nephrotoxic in animals. No conclusive data has shown increased risk in humans. The aim of this study was to investigate if minimal FGF promotes an increase in the incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) when compared to high FGF in patients undergoing on-pump cardiac surgery under sevoflurane anesthesia. Methods Two hundred and four adult patients scheduled for on-pump cardiac surgery under sevoflurane anesthesia were randomly allocated to two groups differentiated by FGF: minimal FGF (0.5 L.min−1) or high FGF (2.0 L.min−1). Baseline creatinine measured before surgery was compared daily to values assayed on the first five postoperative days, and 24-hour urinary output was monitored, according to the KDIGO (Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes) guideline to define postoperative cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury (CSA-AKI). Creatinine measurements were also obtained 20 and 120 days after hospital discharge. Results Postoperative AKI occurred in 55 patients, 26 patients (29.5%) in the minimal FGF group and 29 patients (31.5%) in the high FGF group (p= 0.774). Twenty days after discharge, 11 patients (6.1%) still had CSA-AKI and 120 days after discharge only 2 patients (1.6%) still had CSA-AKI. Conclusions When compared to high FGF, minimal FGF sevoflurane anesthesia during on-pump cardiac surgery is not associated with increased risk of postoperative AKI in this population at high risk for renal injury.

Análise de diagnósticos, intervenções e atividades de enfermagem em pacientes submetidos à hemodiálise secundária à COVID-19: estudo descritivo / Analysis of nursing diagnoses, interventions, and activities in patients undergoing hemodialysis secondary to COVID-19: a descriptive study

OBJETIVO: Analisar os diagnósticos, as intervenções e atividades de enfermagem em pacientes submetidos à hemodiálise secundária à COVID-19. MÉTODO: Estudo descritivo, retrospectivo e de natureza quantitativa. A população do estudo foi representada pelos prontuários de pacientes submetidos à hemodiálise secundária à COVID-19, totalizando cerca de 64 registros. Consultaram-se os dados do instrumento de coleta de dados, bem como dados sociodemográficos, clínicos e indicadores dos diagnósticos de enfermagem. Para análise, utilizou-se da estatística descritiva e inferencial. RESULTADOS: Os principais diagnósticos de enfermagem encontrados foram: risco de infecção, risco de volume de líquidos desequilibrado, déficit no autocuidado para banho/higiene íntima e troca de gases prejudicada. As intervenções e atividades assinaladas foram correspondentes aos diagnósticos traçados. CONCLUSÃO: O estudo possibilitou identificar os principais diagnósticos, as intervenções e atividades de enfermagem em pacientes acometidos pela COVID-19 que desenvolveram lesão renal aguda.

Objective: To analyze nursing diagnoses, interventions, and activities in patients undergoing hemodialysis secondary to COVID-19. METHOD: This is a descriptive, retrospective, and quantitative study. The study population was represented by the medical records of patients undergoing hemodialysis secondary to COVID-19, totaling about 64 records. Data from the data collection instrument, sociodemographic and clinical data, and indicators of nursing diagnoses were consulted. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for analysis. RESULTS: The main nursing diagnoses found were risk for infection, risk for imbalanced fluid volume, bathing/toileting self-care deficit, and impaired gas exchange. The registered interventions and activities corresponded to the outlined diagnoses. CONCLUSION: The study identified the main diagnoses, interventions, and nursing activities in patients affected by COVID-19 who developed acute kidney injury.

Impact of renal recovery on in-hospital and post-discharge mortality / Impacto de la recuperación renal en la mortalidad intra y poshospitalaria / Impacto da recuperação renal na mortalidade intra e pós alta hospitalar

ABSTRACT Objective: To verify the impact of renal recovery on mortality in non-critically ill patients with acute kidney injury. Method: A prospective cohort study was carried out in a public hospital in the Federal District with patients with acute kidney injury admitted to a non-critical care unit. Renal recovery was assessed based on the ratio of serum creatinine to baseline creatinine and the patient was followed up for 6 months. Mortality was assessed during hospitalization and after discharge. Results: Of the 90 patients with hospital-acquired kidney injury, renal recovery was identified in 34.1% to 75% of cases, depending on the time of assessment, considering a follow-up period of up to 6 months. Recovery of renal function during follow-up had an impact on in-hospital mortality [95% CI 0.15 (0.003 - 0.73; p = 0019). Conclusion: Recovery of renal function has been shown to be a protective factor for mortality in patients admitted to the non-critical care unit. Early identification of kidney damage and monitoring of physiological and laboratory variables proved to be fundamental in identifying the severity of the disease and reducing mortality.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Verificar el impacto de la recuperación renal en la mortalidad en pacientes no críticos con lesión renal aguda. Método: Cohorte prospectiva, realizada en un hospital público del Distrito Federal con pacientes con daño renal agudo ingresados en una unidad de cuidados no críticos. La recuperación renal se evaluó según la relación entre la creatinina sérica y la creatinina inicial y se siguió al paciente durante 6 meses. La mortalidad se evaluó durante la hospitalización y después del alta hospitalaria. Resultados: De los 90 pacientes con daño renal intrahospitalario, se identificó recuperación renal entre el 34,1% y el 75% de los casos, dependiendo del momento de la evaluación, considerando un período de seguimiento de hasta 6 meses. La recuperación de la función renal durante el seguimiento tuvo impacto en la mortalidad hospitalaria [IC 95% 0,15 (0,003 - 0,73; p = 0019). Conclusión: La recuperación de la función renal demostró ser un factor protector de la mortalidad en pacientes ingresados en la unidad de cuidados no críticos. La identificación temprana de la lesión renal y el seguimiento de variables fisiológicas y de laboratorio resultaron esenciales para identificar la gravedad de la enfermedad y reducir la mortalidad.

RESUMO Objetivo: Verificar o impacto da recuperação renal na mortalidade de pacientes não críticos com injúria renal aguda. Método: Coorte prospectiva, realizado em um hospital público do Distrito Federal com pacientes diagnosticados com injúria renal aguda internados em uma unidade de cuidados não críticos. A recuperação renal foi avaliada a partir da razão da creatinina sérica em relação à creatinina basal e o paciente foi acompanhado por 6 meses. A mortalidade foi avaliada durante internação e após alta hospitalar. Resultados: Dos 90 pacientes com injúria renal adquirida no hospital, identificou-se a recuperação renal em 34,1% a 75% dos casos, a depender do momento de avaliação, considerando o período de acompanhamento de até 6 meses. A recuperação da função renal durante o acompanhamento impactou na mortalidade intra-hospitalar [IC 95% 0,15 (0,003-0,73; p = 0019). Conclusão: A recuperação da função renal demonstrou-se como um fator protetor para mortalidade em pacientes internados na unidade de cuidados não críticos. A identificação precoce da injúria renal e o monitoramento de variáveis fisiológicas e laboratoriais mostraram-se fundamentais para identificação da gravidade da doença e redução da mortalidade.

Estudo da anemia como fator de risco e modificador de prognóstico de injúria renal aguda em pacientes internados em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva / Study of anemia as a risk factor and modifier of prognosis for acute kidney injury in patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit

Introdução - Tanto anemia como injúria renal aguda (IRA) são condições frequentes em pacientes graves e sua associação pode significar que anemia é fator de risco para IRA ou que reflete as comorbidades que aumentam o risco de IRA. Objetivos - Analisar se anemia é fator de risco e se modifica os desfechos da IRA em pacientes internados em UTI. Métodos - Foram utilizados dados da coorte prospectiva de pacientes internados em UTI geral, realizada entre 2014 e 2016 em Rio Branco/AC. Dentre 1.494 pacientes admitidos nas UTIs, 672 (45%) compuseram a coorte do estudo, após utilização dos critérios de exclusão adotados. Os pacientes foram acompanhados nos primeiros 7 dias de internação. O diagnóstico de IRA baseou-se nos critérios KDIGO e adotou-se como preditor o nível de hemoglobina (Hb) ≤ 11 g/dl na admissão na UTI e na média dos dias que antecederam o início da IRA na UTI. Utilizou-se o modelo de regressão logística múltipla para avaliar associação entre Hb e ocorrência de IRA, sua gravidade e com os óbitos na UTI em pacientes que desenvolveram IRA. A hazard ratio ajustado (HRaj) da mortalidade precoce e tardia (até 30 dias ou entre 31 e 180 dias após a alta da UTI, respectivamente) foi calculada usando-se a regressão múltipla de Cox. Resultados - A prevalência da anemia na admissão à UTI foi de 85,1% (572 pacientes), enquanto a incidência da IRA nos primeiros 7 dias de internação foi de 55,8% (375). Hb ≤ 11 g/l na admissão à UTI esteve associado com o desenvolvimento de IRA na UTI (ORaj: 1,5; IC95%:1,09-2,14) e a média da Hb ≤ 11g/l nos dias prévios à IRA esteve associada à IRA com início após 3º dia de internação na UTI (ORaj: 2,31; IC95%:1,26-4,27). Não houve associação dos níveis de hemoglobina analisados com os estágios da IRA e com a ocorrência de IRA persistente (duração superior a 48hs). Entre os pacientes que desenvolveram IRA na UTI, os dias de internação na UTI, o uso de hemodiálise e a mortalidade durante a internação na UTI foram semelhantes nos pacientes com níveis de Hb ≤ 11 g/dl ou > 11 g/dl. Comparados com indivíduos sem IRA e Hb na admissão > 11 g/l, houve aumento da mortalidade precoce entre os pacientes com IRA (HRaj: 2,9; IC95%:1,26-6,73 para pacientes com Hb> 11 g/dl e HRaj 3,5; IC95%: 1,53-7,96 para Hb ≤ 11 g/l) e aumento no risco de mortalidade tardia com a presença de Hb ≤ 11 g/dl (HRaj: 4,3; IC95%:1,32-14,2 para indivíduos sem IRA e HRaj 5,7; IC95%: 1,85-17,8, para indivíduos com IRA. Resultados semelhantes foram obtidos na análise com Hb média nos dias prévios à IRA. Conclusões - Esse estudo evidenciou altíssima prevalência de anemia na admissão dos pacientes em UTI, sua associação com o desenvolvimento de IRA na UTI e o pior prognóstico para a mortalidade após a alta da UTI de pacientes com anemia, agravado quando esteve associada ao desenvolvimento de IRA.

Introduction - Both anemia and acute kidney injury (AKI) are common conditions in critically ill patients, and their association may imply that anemia is a risk factor for AKI or reflects comorbidities that increase the risk of AKI. Objectives - To analyze whether anemia is a risk factor and modifies the outcomes of AKI in patients admitted to the ICU. Methods - Data from a prospective cohort of patients admitted to a general ICU between 2014 and 2016 in Rio Branco, AC, were used. Among 1,494 patients admitted to the ICUs, 672 (45%) composed the study cohort after the adoption of exclusion criteria. Patients were followed during the first 7 days of admission. The diagnosis of AKI was based on KDIGO criteria, and hemoglobin (Hb) level ≤ 11 g/dl at ICU admission and the average in the days preceding the onset of AKI in the ICU were used as predictors. Multiple logistic regression was used to assess the association between Hb and the occurrence of AKI, its severity, and ICU deaths in patients who developed AKI. Adjusted hazard ratios (HRaj) for early and late mortality (up to 30 days or between 31 and 180 days after ICU discharge, respectively) were calculated using Cox multiple regression. Results - The prevalence of anemia at ICU admission was 85,1% (572 patients), while the incidence of AKI in the first 7 days of hospitalization was 55,8% (375). Hb ≤ 11 g/l at ICU admission was associated with the development of AKI in the ICU (HRaj: 1,5; 95% CI: 1,09-2,14), and the average Hb ≤ 11g/l in the days preceding AKI was associated with AKI starting after the 3rd day of ICU admission (HRaj: 2,31; 95% CI: 1,26-4,27). There was no association between the analyzed hemoglobin levels and AKI stages or the occurrence of persistent AKI (lasting more than 48 hours). Among patients who developed AKI in the ICU, the length of ICU stay, the use of hemodialysis, and mortality during ICU admission were similar for patients with Hb levels ≤ 11 g/dl or > 11 g/dl. Compared to individuals without AKI and Hb at admission > 11 g/l, there was an increase in early mortality among patients with AKI (HRaj: 2,9; 95% CI: 1,26-6,73 for patients with Hb > 11 g/dl and HRaj 3,5; 95% CI: 1,53-7,96 for Hb ≤ 11 g/l) and an increased risk of late mortality with Hb ≤ 11 g/dl (HRaj: 4,3; 95% CI: 1,32-14,2 for individuals without AKI and HRaj 5,7; 95% CI: 1,85-17,8 for individuals with AKI. Similar results were obtained in the analysis with the average Hb in the days preceding AKI. Conclusions - This study showed a very high prevalence of anemia in patients admitted to the ICU, its association with the development of AKI in the ICU, and a worse prognosis for post- ICU mortality in patients with anemia, exacerbated when associated with the development of AKI.

Acute kidney injury among hospitalised patients who died due to COVID-19 in the Eastern Cape, South Africa

Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) commonly occurs in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients who have been hospitalised and is associated with a poor prognosis. This study aimed to determine the incidence of AKI among COVID-19 patients who died in a regional hospital in South Africa. Methods: This retrospective record review was conducted at the Mthatha Regional Hospital in South Africa's Eastern Cape province. Data were collected between 10 July 2020 and 31 January 2021. Results: The incidence of AKI was 38% among the hospitalised patients who died due to COVID-19. Most study participants were female, with a mean age of 63.3 ± 16 years. The most common symptom of COVID-19 at the time of hospitalisation was shortness of breath, followed by fever and cough. Half of the patients had hypertension, while diabetes, human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) and tuberculosis (TB) were other comorbidities. At admission, the average oxygen saturation was 75.5% ± 17. Conclusion: The study revealed a high incidence of AKI among hospitalised patients who died due to COVID-19. It also found that those received adequate crystalloid fluids at the time of admission had a lower incidence of AKI. Contribution: Acute kidney injury can be prevented by adequate fluid management during early stage of COVID-19. Majority of COVID-19 patients were referred from lower level of care and primary care providers have their first encounter with these patients. Adequate fluid resuscitation in primary care settings can improve the outcome of hospitalised COVID-19 patients.

Les facteurs associés aux morbi-mortalités maternelles de l'éclampsie à la maternité de Befelatanana / Factors associated with maternal eclampsia morbidity and mortality at the maternity hospital of Befelatanana

L'éclampsie est une complication neurologique majeure de la pré-éclampsie sévère, responsable d'une lourde morbidité et mortalité maternelle. L'objectif de cette étude était de déterminer les facteurs associés aux morbimortalités maternelles de l'éclampsie. Patients et Méthodes : Il s'agissait d'une étude rétrospective, transversale, descriptive et analytique ; sur une période de 36 mois, allant de Janvier 2019 à Décembre 2021, réalisée à la maternité de Befelatanana. Les paramètres cliniques et obstétricales, la prise en charge, les complications et l'évolution maternelle ont été les paramètres étudiés. Résultats : Sur 21 514 accouchements, 461 cas (2,14%) d'éclampsie ont été recensé dont 288 cas inclus dans l'étude. L'âge moyen était de 23,29±6 ans ; l'âge gestationnel était > 37 semaine d'aménorrhée dans 60,10% (n= 173) des cas et la grossesse étaient mal suivies dans 49,70% (n=143) des cas. Les complications maternelles dominées par : la détresse respiratoire aigüe sur pneumopathie d'inhalation; le coma prolongé ; une hémorragie intracérébrale et l'association à d'autres complications tel que : un HELLP syndrome, un hématome rétroplacentaire et une insuffisance rénale oligo-anurique aigue. Les facteurs associés aux décès étaient : l'existence de trouble de la conscience postcritique (p=0,026 ; OR=3,2 [1,09-9,37]), l'existence de coma prolongé ≥24h (p=10-8 ; OR=34 [11,47-100,71]), l'existence d'une insuffisance rénale aigue (p=10-4 ; OR=4,42 [2,08-9,4]) et l'association à un HELLP syndrome (p=10-8 ; OR=29,16 [12,08-70,41]). Conclusion : La morbi-mortalité de l'éclampsie reste encore très élevé à Madagascar ; une éducation de la population Malagasy doit être renforcer sur le suivi médical rapproché de la grossesse

Protective mechanisms of Leontopodium leontopodioides extracts on lipopolysaccharide-induced acute kidney injury viathe NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway / 中国天然药物

Sepsis-induced uncontrolled systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is a critical cause of multiple organ failure. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is one of the most serious complications associated with an extremely high mortality rate in SIRS, and it lacked simple, safe, and effective treatment strategies. Leontopodium leontopodioides (Willd.) Beauv (LLB) is commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of acute and chronic nephritis. However, it remains unclear whether lipopolysaccharide (LPS) affects LPS-induced AKI. To identify the molecular mechanisms of LLB in LPS-induced HK-2 cells and mice, LLB was prepared by extraction with 70% methanol, while a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced HK-2 cell model and an AKI model were established in this study. Renal histopathology staining was performed to observe the morphology changes. The cell supernatant and kidney tissues were collected for determining the levels of inflammatory factors and protein expression by ELISA, immunofluorescence, and Western blot. The results indicated that LLB significantly reduced the expression of IL-6 and TNF-α in LPS-induced HK-2 cells, as well as the secretion of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β in the supernatant. The same results were observed in LPS-induced AKI serum. Further studies revealed that LLB remarkably improved oxidative stress and apoptosis based on the content of MDA, SOD, and CAT in serum and TUNEL staining results. Notably, LLB significantly reduced the mortality due to LPS infection. Renal histopathology staining results supported these results. Furthermore, immunofluorescence and Western blot results confirmed that LLB significantly reduced the expression of the protein related to the NF-κB signaling pathway and NLRP3, ASC, and Caspase-1 which were significantly increased through LPS stimulation. These findings clearly demonstrated the potential use of LLB in the treatment of AKI and the crucial role of the NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway in the process through which LLB attenuates AKI induced by LPS.

Machine learning model predicts the occurrence of acute kidney injury after open surgery for abdominal aortic aneurysm repair / 中南大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVES@#Abdominal aortic aneurysm is a pathological condition in which the abdominal aorta is dilated beyond 3.0 cm. The surgical options include open surgical repair (OSR) and endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR). Prediction of acute kidney injury (AKI) after OSR is helpful for decision-making during the postoperative phase. To find a more efficient method for making a prediction, this study aims to perform tests on the efficacy of different machine learning models.@*METHODS@#Perioperative data of 80 OSR patients were retrospectively collected from January 2009 to December 2021 at Xiangya Hospital, Central South University. The vascular surgeon performed the surgical operation. Four commonly used machine learning classification models (logistic regression, linear kernel support vector machine, Gaussian kernel support vector machine, and random forest) were chosen to predict AKI. The efficacy of the models was validated by five-fold cross-validation.@*RESULTS@#AKI was identified in 33 patients. Five-fold cross-validation showed that among the 4 classification models, random forest was the most precise model for predicting AKI, with an area under the curve of 0.90±0.12.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Machine learning models can precisely predict AKI during early stages after surgery, which allows vascular surgeons to address complications earlier and may help improve the clinical outcomes of OSR.